Core Concepts
Understanding the hierarchical relationship between theories, approaches, and methods is fundamental to ELT. Based on Anthony (1963) and Richards & Rodgers (2001).
Theory
The abstract basis. A set of beliefs or principles about the nature of language (linguistic theory) and language learning (learning theory).
"Language is a system of structurally related elements for the coding of meaning." (Structuralism)
Approach
The theoretical framework. A set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning. It describes the "what" and "how" broadly.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) – Focuses on interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study.
Method
The practical implementation. An overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, based upon the selected approach.
Total Physical Response (TPR) – A specific method where learners respond to commands with physical actions.
14 Core Methods
Detailed analysis of methods from Grammar-Translation to AI-Integrated Learning.
Historical Evolution
Trace the development of language teaching through different eras and paradigms.
Comparative Analysis
Compare methods based on grammar focus, communication, autonomy, and technology.
Method Categories
Traditional & Structural
Focus on rules, structure, and accuracy. Includes Grammar-Translation, Direct Method, and Audio-Lingual Method.
Humanistic
Emphasis on learner psychology and autonomy. Includes Silent Way, Suggestopedia, and TPR.
Communicative
Prioritizing meaning and interaction. Includes CLT, TBLT, CBI, and Lexical Approach.
Modern & Integrative
Technology-enhanced and holistic approaches. Includes PBLT, Blended Learning, Translanguaging, and Discovery Learning.